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How it is built

Each day's 00Z GEFS run is read member by member, once it reaches day 35, from NOAA's open-data bucket. Daily values are the mean of the 12Z and 00Z fields ending each day (precipitation summed and outgoing longwave averaged over the four six-hour windows), box-averaged to 1.5° and meaned by week. Exactly the same arithmetic is applied to the GEFSv12 reforecast — the 35-day Wednesday runs of 2000–2019, four members each, pooled within ±15 days of the start date — and each week of the forecast is differenced from the reforecast's mean at the same week of lead. That removes the model's drift and its mean bias together, which a comparison with a reanalysis would not. The anomalies are therefore against GEFS's 2000–2019 climate: 500 hPa height has its global mean removed each week so the circulation shows rather than two decades of warming; temperature and precipitation keep theirs. The change maps compare with the run exactly seven days earlier, whose weeks 2–5 cover the same dates as this run's weeks 1–4. The polar vortex is corrected the same way against MERRA-2.